Classic chess rules

Resigning

Either player may resign at any time and his opponent wins the game. This normally happens when the player believes he is certain to lose the game. A player may resign by saying it verbally or indicating it on his scoresheet by writing "resigns", circling the result of the game, or writing "1–0" if Black resigns or "0–1" if White resigns (Schiller 2003:21). Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it is not frequently used. Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is not necessarily a resignation either, since one player could think they are agreeing to a draw (Just & Burg 2003:29).